标签归档：西安品茶网

How do children ＂charge for 5 minutes and talk for 2 hours＂

　　I remember the first time I saw the slogan "charge for 5 minutes and talk for 2 hours", I immediately thought of those children who were alive and kicking all day. They are almost tireless in playing. They will be noisy in scenic spots or playgrounds until all the electricity is consumed. Then, in their parents’ arms or in the back seat of the car, they are still drinking or talking one second and falling asleep the next.

　　Next, it may often take only an hour to rest, and they can "resurrect with blood" and continue to play wildly. The reason why the baby is so tired is also a great reason.

　　However, although we all know this feature of children, do you know the reasons behind it? Why is there so much energy in their small bodies?

　　Comparable to triathletes.

　　At present, the most famous research on the amazing potential of children in anti-fatigue is an experiment done by researchers at the University of clermont-ferrand: they recruited three groups of volunteers, each with 12 people, who were national male athletes engaged in triathlon, cycling or long-distance running; 12 boys with an average age of 10 and a half; And 12 ordinary adult men who rarely engage in strenuous exercise participated in the study.

　　These three groups of volunteers were asked by the researchers to do two sets of 7-second cycling sprints, and then pedal their bicycles as soon as possible for 30 seconds.

　　After exercise, the researchers compared the energy production of different groups of volunteers, including aerobic exercise and anaerobic exercise. Among them, anaerobic exercise does not consume oxygen, but will produce a lot of lactic acid, which will cause muscle fatigue.

　　After that, the researchers compared the recovery rate of heart rate, blood oxygen level and lactate clearance rate of different groups of volunteers after exercise. Finally, the researchers found that children are not easily exhausted by cycling, which is equivalent to the fatigue of professional athletes.

　　In fact, in all tests, children’s physiological function performance is better than that of untrained adults, and their physical strength recovery speed is faster than that of professional athletes.

　　Muscle structure has advantages.

　　Although the experimental results are surprising, this advantage of children’s undeveloped body is not accidental, it is the result of children’s special body structure.

　　Don’t treat children as miniature adults, they are all "Little Superman" — — As far as muscle composition is concerned, children’s muscles are composed of 70% red muscle fibers and 30% white muscle fibers, while in adults’ bodies, red and white muscles account for 50% respectively.

　　This particularity of muscle structure means two completely different energy production mechanisms. White muscle fibers are mainly supplied with energy through anaerobic, that is, creatine phosphate (a high-energy molecule) and sugar (glucose) are directly supplied with energy, which can make muscles release strong explosive force in a short time. In contrast, red muscle fibers are powered by aerobic respiration.

　　Red muscle contains a large number of "small factory" mitochondria, which can use more oxygen and make the production more efficient. Therefore, although it is inferior to white muscle in explosive power and strength, red muscle has stronger endurance.

　　If an adult still has a lot of red muscle fibers, it is mostly inherited or the result of high-intensity training. But children do not benefit from training, but are born to be comparable to endurance athletes.

　　Small body shape is more divided

　　Children’s infinite energy not only comes from their unique muscle structure, but also benefits from their small body shape, which makes them have an extremely fast oxygen supply speed before their height soars in adolescence, and can deliver oxygen to all motor muscles in a short time to provide energy in time.

　　"It’s like the difference between a mouse and an elephant. Mice are small in size and have high oxygen demand, mainly relying on aerobic energy supply system; Elephants that are huge and bulky rely on anaerobic energy supply systems. " Sebastian Ratel, the leader of the research project, said, "In small animals, it takes much shorter time to transport oxygen."

　　As for the recovery speed, the experiment shows that the recovery rate of heart rate in children’s group is 85%, that of athletes is 60%, and that of untrained adults is only 40%.

　　Researchers attribute this outstanding performance of children to a more effective acetylcholine inhibition mechanism — — This neurotransmitter can slow down the beating speed of the heart through the parasympathetic nervous system (controlling the autonomous operation of the body).

　　Children also have outstanding performance in removing metabolic waste from the body. You know, metabolic waste is the culprit that disturbs muscle contraction. The research team tested the content of lactic acid in the blood of the tester — — Lactic acid is a metabolite produced by muscle fatigue. The test results show that compared with endurance athletes, children’s lactic acid disappears faster, and ordinary adults are far behind in this respect.

　　"Lightning speed" is the wonder of researchers for children’s physical recovery ability. They analyzed that this may be because children are smaller and their muscles are closer to the oxygen-rich blood pumped by the heart, so they can use oxygen more effectively. Children’s extra energy comes from slow muscle fibers, which contract slowly, protecting children from being injured by excessive exercise.

　　No need to exercise deliberately.

　　Although the metabolic ability is not limited by body shape, children’s legs are not strong enough, coordination is insufficient, and the toughness repair ability of tendon system is weak, which leads to low body efficiency and limited mechanical movement ability. It is true that children’s quick recovery makes people feel never tired, but it is not the case when they exercise for a long time.

　　After children enter adolescence, their bodies gradually turn to rely on anaerobic system, which, like their adult parents, makes them tired easily and slows down their recovery. Therefore, before puberty comes, it is best to focus on cultivating their sports skills and action effectiveness through coordinated exercise and motor function exercise, so as to improve sports efficiency, rather than focusing on improving aerobic metabolism, because children’s aerobic metabolism efficiency is already very high.

　　Therefore, there is no need to deliberately do aerobic exercise in childhood. On the contrary, from adolescence, it is necessary to continuously improve the motor function and efficiency of the body. Since children’s bodies grow rapidly and have a brand-new body cognition after entering adolescence, it is necessary to focus on improving aerobic metabolism at this time to maintain the body’s rapid recovery ability, delay the onset of fatigue, and prevent diabetes, obesity, insulin resistance and cardiovascular diseases.

　　Mentality and sleep also help.

　　In addition to the characteristics of physiological function, children’s mentality is a model of "living in the present". They devote themselves wholeheartedly to the present activities, crying if they want to, smile happily, naive and carefree, while we adults bear all kinds of pressures and worries of life every day, and have a lot of depressed negative emotions, which is also a great consumption of physical vitality and energy.

　　Needless to say, children can generally get much more abundant sleep recovery time than adults. According to the statistics of national data, the average sleep time of children under 5 years old is 10 ~ 12 hours, which is beyond our adults’ reach. (brown squirrel)

General Administration of Market Supervision： It will issue opinions with relevant departments to improve the consumption environment and start the establishment of a national demonstration city for a

Cctv newsThe State Council Press Office held a routine briefing on the State Council policy this afternoon (July 31). Kuang Xu, director of the Law Enforcement Inspection Bureau of the General Administration of Market Supervision, introduced at the meeting that as the lead department for protecting consumers’ rights and interests, the General Administration of Market Supervision thoroughly implemented the decision-making arrangements of the CPC Central Committee and the State Council, made great efforts to create a secure consumption environment and promote consumption quality and expansion. Specifically, it includes three aspects: building the system, keeping the bottom line and raising the line.

First, constantly improve the laws and regulations and consolidate the institutional foundation of the consumption environment.General administration of market supervisionFocusing on new situations and new problems in the field of consumption, we actively responded to consumers’ concerns, and revised a series of rules and regulations, such as the Measures for the Supervision and Administration of Online Transactions, the Provisions on Clearly Marking Prices and Prohibiting Price Fraud, the Measures for the Administration of Internet Advertising, and the Measures for the Administration of Contract Supervision, so as to promote the overall construction of a coordinated supervision pattern of the consumption environment. Focus on new formats such as blind box management, duty-free online shopping, and new energy vehicles, issue normative guidelines, carry out administrative guidance, and implement defective product recalls, and guide emerging fields such as home appliances, automobiles, duty-free, blind boxes, and e-commerce to improve after-sales service and boost consumer confidence.

The second is to continuously strengthen supervision and law enforcement and purify the market consumption environment. Safety is the premise of consumption. Market supervision departments continue to promote the "iron fist" action in the field of people’s livelihood, and severely crack down on the problems that the masses have strongly reflected, such as illegal food addition, fake and shoddy products, advertisements of "magical medicine" and medical beauty chaos. Since the beginning of this year, more than 350,000 cases in the field of people’s livelihood have been investigated. Focusing on consumers’ concerns, we have successively carried out special actions such as lighting up hundreds of e-commerce platforms, protecting the safety of children’s and students’ supplies, improving the quality of dairy products, and improving the quality of catering, so as to enhance the satisfaction of people’s daily consumption. This year, the General Administration will also comprehensively publicize consumer complaint information, promote the formation of a closed loop of consumption-evaluation-supervision, and guide operators to enhance their awareness of honesty and law-abiding and the quality of goods and services.

The third is to comprehensively carry out consumer confidence actions to enhance consumers’ sense of acquisition.General administration of market supervisionTogether with 26 departments, we will guide all industries and regions to improve the soft power of the consumption environment, fully mobilize the enthusiasm of operators and consumers, and build a large number of regional brands such as assured shops, assured markets, assured neighborhoods, assured scenic spots, assured villages and "satisfied consumption Yangtze River Delta" nationwide to stimulate urban and rural consumption. Actively explore the transformation of credit assets of assured consumers, and use financial "assured loans" to enhance the sense of acquisition of the real economy and small and micro enterprises. Continue to promote offline return without reason, local shopping in different places, advance payment and rapid return, and 654,000 physical stores across the country have returned about 5.38 billion yuan. Improve the online dispute settlement mechanism of the national 12315 platform, promote 132,000 enterprises to settle in the platform, and promote 16.5% of consumer disputes to be directly resolved at the source. Carry out the food safety "you check me" service to benefit people’s livelihood. More than 60 million people have participated in the spot check activities, and the sampling amount is close to 320,000 batches, building a "heart-to-heart bridge" to serve the people.

Kuang Xu said that in the next step, the General Administration will also issue opinions with relevant departments to improve the consumption environment, launch the creation of a national demonstration city for assured consumption, give play to the role of traction and incitement in the overall creation of the city, and drive the consumption environment in various places to further upgrade.

Eye-catching ＂report card＂ shows development confidence and confidence. China economy shows ＂tough strength＂

CCTV News:On February 1st, "News Network" reported the financial revenue and expenditure of China in 2023, the scale of service trade, the new breakthrough of Xiamen Port’s "Silk Road Shipping" route, etc. Combined with the recent new achievements in the fields of people’s livelihood, opening up to the outside world and energy supply, it can be seen that China’s economy will carry forward the past and forge ahead into the future, and the new year will surely sail and sail.　　　　　

[Promote the economy to achieve effective improvement in quality and reasonable growth in quantity]

In 2023, fiscal revenue maintained a recovery growth trend.

At the press conference held by the State Council Office on February 1, the relevant person in charge of the Ministry of Finance said that in 2023, China’s fiscal revenue maintained a recovery growth trend, and the national general public budget revenue exceeded 21 trillion yuan, an increase of 6.4%, and the fiscal revenues of 31 provinces all achieved positive growth; The national general public budget expenditure exceeded 27 trillion yuan, an increase of 5.4%. Social security, employment, science and technology and other key expenditure areas are strongly guaranteed.

This year, the central government will appropriately raise the level of central and provincial investment subsidies for the construction of high-standard farmland, and the structural tax reduction and fee reduction policy will focus on supporting scientific and technological innovation and manufacturing development, so as to promote the effective improvement of quality and reasonable growth of the economy.

Ministry of Finance: Take effective measures to support scientific and technological innovation in 2024.

Scientific and technological innovation is an important direction of China’s fiscal expenditure. The relevant person in charge of the Ministry of Finance said that in 2024, China will take more powerful and effective measures to promote the construction of modern industrial system with scientific and technological innovation and develop new quality productivity.　

Vice Minister of Finance Wang Dongwei:In terms of policy orientation, it pays attention to strengthening the main position of enterprise innovation. Pay attention to the role of demand traction. Pay attention to improving the toughness and safety level of the industrial chain supply chain. Pay attention to stimulating the vitality of researchers, support the pilot reform of salary system in universities and research institutes, accelerate the pilot reform of ownership or long-term use right of post scientific and technological achievements, and fully mobilize the enthusiasm and creativity of researchers.

Wang Dongwei said that in 2024, in terms of the use of funds, efforts will be made to deepen the reform of the allocation and use mechanism of financial science and technology funds, strengthen the overall planning of scientific and technological tasks and funds, and highlight key support points. It is necessary to increase investment in basic research, applied basic research and cutting-edge research, and support the promotion of original innovation ability; Fully guarantee to win the key core technology battle, support the layout and implementation of a number of major national science and technology projects, and accelerate the seizure of the commanding heights of science and technology; At the same time, we should focus on national laboratories, national scientific research institutions, high-level research universities and leading enterprises in science and technology, and support the strengthening of national strategic scientific and technological strength; It is also necessary to strengthen the overall planning of innovative resources such as projects, funds, bases and talents, strengthen performance management, and strive to improve the use effect of science and technology funds.

Ministry of Finance: The subsidy level for high-standard farmland construction will be appropriately raised.

In 2023, China’s grain production achieved another bumper harvest and maintained growth for many years, which is inseparable from the support of state financial funds. At the press conference, the relevant person in charge of the Ministry of Finance said that in 2024, the central government will appropriately raise the level of central and provincial investment subsidies for high-standard farmland construction.

Li Xianzhong, Director of the Treasury Department of the Ministry of Finance:In 2024, the central government will appropriately raise the level of central and provincial investment subsidies for the construction of high-standard farmland, continue to support the seed industry revitalization action, the short-board action of agricultural machinery and equipment, and agricultural socialization services, explore the establishment of an inter-provincial horizontal interest compensation mechanism for grain production and marketing areas, improve the diversified investment mechanism, and at the same time, strengthen supervision over the use of funds and the implementation of policies to better ensure national food security.

According to reports, in 2023, the central government allocated 92 billion yuan to support the construction, renovation and upgrading of 80 million mu of high-standard farmland, and launched a pilot project for comprehensive utilization of saline-alkali land. Raise the minimum purchase price of wheat, and expand the coverage of full cost insurance and planting income insurance for the three major grain crops to all major grain-producing counties in China.　

[The scale of China’s service trade reached a record high in 2023]

According to the data released by the Ministry of Commerce on February 1, 2023, the total import and export of services in China was 6,575.43 billion yuan, up 10% year-on-year, and the scale of service trade reached a record high. Among them, travel services have the fastest growth. The import and export of travel services in the whole year was 1,485.62 billion yuan, a year-on-year increase of 73.6%.

At present, China is comprehensively deepening the pilot of innovation and development of service trade, and at the same time carrying out a comprehensive pilot of expanding and opening up the service industry, and continuously releasing the pilot system dividend. There are already 112 export bases of special services in China, covering seven fields, including culture, digital services, geographic information, intellectual property rights and language services.

[The first batch of special loans for urban village reconstruction projects will benefit people’s livelihood]

The reporter learned from China Development Bank and China Agricultural Development Bank that the first batch of special loans for urban village reconstruction projects have been distributed in Guangzhou, Zhengzhou and other cities since January 30th, involving more than 100 projects.

On January 30, China Development Bank issued a special loan of 9.08 billion yuan for the renovation of villages in cities, involving nearly 100 projects in Guangzhou, Zhengzhou, Jinan, Nanjing and other cities, benefiting more than 100,000 residents and building 238,400 sets of resettlement houses. China Agricultural Development Bank has also issued special loans to urban village reconstruction projects in more than ten cities including Shijiazhuang, Jinan, Chengdu, Wuhan, Ningbo, Hefei and Guiyang since January 30th.

Wang Xinfeng, Deputy Director of Housing and Urban Construction Business Department of China Development Bank:The special loan funds are earmarked for the preliminary work of the transformation of villages in cities, the construction of compensation and resettlement housing communities, and the related supporting infrastructure (construction) of the communities. The use of funds is closed and earmarked. In the process of fund management, we strive to reduce the cost of funds and provide low-cost and efficient financial support for the transformation of villages in cities.

At the end of last year, the Central Economic Work Conference proposed to accelerate the construction of affordable housing, the construction of public infrastructure for ordinary and emergency use, and the reconstruction of villages in cities.

Dong Ximiao, Principal Investigator of Zhaolian:The special loan for urban village reconstruction has the advantages of stable source, large amount of funds, low interest rate and long term, which is helpful to solve the problems of large capital demand and long period in the early stage of urban village reconstruction. The landing of the first batch of special loans for the reconstruction of urban villages means that the reconstruction of urban villages has been accelerated.

[China will build a highland for cooperation with Africa in the inland province of Hunan]

Ministry of Commerce: Support Hunan to accelerate the development of cooperation with Africa

Recently, the Overall Plan for the Construction of China-Africa Economic and Trade Cooperation Pioneer Zone was approved by the State Council and officially issued. At the special press conference held on January 31, the relevant person in charge of the Ministry of Commerce said that by giving full play to Hunan’s industrial and geographical advantages, it will further optimize the accumulation and allocation of non-cooperative resources and support Hunan to accelerate its development of non-cooperation with Africa.

According to reports, the "Overall Plan for the Construction of China-Africa Economic and Trade Cooperation Pioneer Zone" clearly requires that the pioneer zone should focus on the construction of an innovative zone for economic and trade cooperation with Africa, a leading zone for deep economic and trade cooperation with Africa, a bearing zone for industrial chain cooperation with Africa and a "meeting room" for economic and trade exchanges and cooperation with Africa, and build an African non-resource product distribution and trading center, a China-Africa cross-border e-commerce cooperation center, a China-Africa industrial chain cultivation center, a China-Africa financial cooperation center, a China-Africa logistics center serving the central and western regions and a China-Africa

In addition, the Pioneer Zone relies on the China (Hunan) Pilot Free Trade Zone, meets international high-standard economic and trade rules, strengthens policy integration and innovation in optimizing China-Africa trade structure, deepening capacity cooperation, promoting financial logistics service innovation, and strengthening people-to-people exchanges in think tanks, and comprehensively improves the level of China-Africa economic and trade cooperation, and timely summarizes and evaluates new experiences and practices, so as to replicate and promote them in a wider scope.

The construction of the pioneering area will emphasize "depth" and "pioneering"

At the special press conference held on January 31, the relevant person in charge of the Ministry of Commerce said that the construction of the pioneering zone of China-Africa deep economic and trade cooperation will highlight the two aspects of "depth" and "first", and strive to promote the in-depth development of China-Africa cooperation, improve quality and increase efficiency.

Deepen cooperation in key areas. The pioneer area will focus on trade, investment, finance, personnel exchanges and other fields, promote the liberalization and facilitation of the flow of resource elements, and accelerate the cooperation between China and Africa in the fields of digital economy, green and low carbon, transportation and logistics; Deepen the docking of domestic and foreign markets, strengthen the docking of the pioneering zone with Chinese enterprises in Africa and overseas economic and trade cooperation zones, promote the development of industrial agglomeration in China and Africa, and close the cooperation between China and Africa; We will further promote the participation of all sectors of society and build a good platform for more domestic departments, localities, enterprises and financial institutions to exchange and cooperate with Africa.

In terms of "going first", we should try first to expand opening up and facilitate cooperation with Africa. Further optimize market access, strengthen market distribution function, cultivate new formats of cross-border e-commerce and carry out product processing cooperation; We will take the lead in linking the Pilot Free Trade Zone and innovating the policy measures for cooperation with Africa. Relying on the Hunan Pilot Free Trade Zone, we will promote the introduction of supporting policies for the Pilot Free Trade Zone and form a pattern in which the Pilot Free Trade Zone and the Free Trade Zone promote each other.

[Clean energy helps to build Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area’s energy security defense line]

After 30 years of safe operation, Daya Bay Nuclear Power Station has supplied 310.4 billion kWh of electricity to Hong Kong.

Daya Bay Nuclear Power Station was officially put into commercial operation on February 1, 1994, and has been safely put into operation for 30 years. On February 1, China Guangdong Nuclear Power Group said that in the past 30 years, Daya Bay Nuclear Power Station has supplied 310.4 billion kWh of electricity to Hong Kong.

Daya Bay Nuclear Power Station is the first large-scale commercial nuclear power station in mainland China, with six million kilowatt nuclear power units. By the end of last year, the cumulative on-grid electricity consumption of six units reached 939.1 billion kWh, equivalent to reducing the consumption of standard coal by over 280 million tons and reducing carbon dioxide emission by over 770 million tons, equivalent to afforestation of about 2.11 million hectares. Among them, 80% of the on-grid electricity of Units 1 and 2 of Daya Bay Nuclear Power Station was delivered to Hong Kong, and the cumulative power supply to Hong Kong reached 310.4 billion kWh, accounting for nearly 30% of the social electricity consumption in Hong Kong.

Land construction of the platform for the second phase of "Deep Sea No.1" project was completed.

China CNOOC was released on February 1st, and the land construction of the comprehensive processing platform for the second phase of "Deep Sea No.1" project was completed. At the same time, underwater construction is also stepping up, laying the foundation for scheduled production.

The comprehensive processing platform of the second phase of "Deep Sea No.1" project consists of underwater jacket and water production blocks, with a total height of about 136 meters, equivalent to the height of nearly 49-story residential buildings, and a total weight of 12,215 tons, equivalent to the weight of more than 8,100 cars. Among them, the deck plane of the water production block is 57.5 meters long and 36 meters wide, and the projection area is equivalent to the size of five standard basketball courts.

At the same time as the construction of land facilities in the second phase of "Deep Sea No.1" project is stepping up, the underwater construction is also advancing. Recently, the underwater jacket supporting the platform successfully slipped into the water near Sanya and was accurately positioned. It is planned to be installed with the water production block during the Spring Festival.

"Deep Sea No.1" gas field is the first 100 billion cubic meters ultra-deep water gas field independently explored and developed in China, with the maximum water depth exceeding 1500 meters. The second phase of "Deep Sea No.1" project is about 70 kilometers away from "Deep Sea No.1" energy station. The design adopts intelligent joint control data sharing scheme, and the oil and gas produced is remotely controlled by the energy station. The treated natural gas is transported to the natural gas receiving terminal in Zhuhai, Guangdong Province through pipelines and supplied to Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area.

Up to now, the cumulative natural gas production of "Deep Sea No.1" exceeds 7 billion cubic meters, and the cumulative oil production exceeds 700,000 cubic meters.

[Shipping+Land Transport Paves a New Way for the Belt and Road Initiative]

Xiamen Port’s "Silk Road Shipping" route has exceeded 10,000 times.

According to Xiamen Customs, the "Silk Road Shipping" route originating from Xiamen Port exceeded 10,000 ships on February 1, and the container throughput was 11.16 million TEUs.

Zhejiang: China-Europe trains ushered in a "good start" in the first month, with a year-on-year increase of 26.8%.

On January 31st, the X8020 China-Europe train with 110 TEUs of small commodities and hardware supplies slowly left Yiwu West Railway Station. This train will leave the country via Alashankou Port in Xinjiang and go to Malashevich, Poland.

The reporter learned from Hangzhou Railway Logistics Center of Shanghai Railway Bureau that in January this year, 110 trains were operated in Zhejiang Central Europe, and 12,000 TEUs of goods were delivered, a year-on-year increase of 26.8%, which ushered in a "good start" in the first month.

["Small package" mapping vitality China has taken many measures to smooth the "microcirculation" of people’s livelihood happiness]　

With the approach of the Spring Festival, the business volume of postal express delivery has gradually increased. At present, nearly 500 million pieces of express delivery are received and sent every day. According to the State Post Bureau, due to the large business volume of postal express delivery in Spring Festival travel rush this year, the Spring Festival is relatively late and the pre-holiday promotion lasts for a long time, the business volume mainly based on new year’s goods is larger than in previous years. Going out empty-handed has become a new trend this year, and more and more people send their luggage, gifts and specialties home by express delivery. In addition, the recent rainy and snowy weather period is at the peak of the delivery of new year’s goods before the Spring Festival, and the areas seriously affected by rain and snow are located in the central transportation hub provinces of China, which has put great pressure on the delivery of new year’s goods. The State Post Bureau has deployed a large-scale investigation and rectification campaign for the hidden dangers of major accidents in the postal express delivery industry to ensure the safe operation of the express delivery business.

Basic knowledge of e-commerce： introduction of supply chain products

With the development of e-commerce, many people know that a very important competitiveness of enterprises lies in the supply chain, but what is the supply chain? Most articles on the Internet talk about some concepts, which makes it difficult for practitioners to implement them. This paper will talk about the understanding of e-commerce supply chain based on the author’s own experience, and welcome all interested parties to exchange and learn together.

Baidu Encyclopedia tells us: "Around the core enterprises, through the control of information flow, logistics and capital flow, starting from purchasing raw materials, intermediate products and final products are made, and finally the products are delivered to consumers by the sales network. It is a functional network chain model that connects suppliers, manufacturers, distributors, retailers and end users as a whole. "

Simply put, it is the process of goods from [supplier] to [seller] to [demander]. Of course, there are many roles involved in this process, and these roles are interrelated and form a complex network model. An enterprise may play multiple roles in both supplier and seller, so the chain of supply chain will be shortened. Logistics, from [supplier] to [demander]; Capital flow from [demand side] to [supply side]; Information flow, various roles pass each other.

What is a good supply chain? My understanding is: better goods (quality and price), faster transportation, better service and better cost.

Most of the articles on the internet now make you feel particularly reasonable, as mentioned above, but after reading them, I still don’t know how to apply them to my products.

The design of e-commerce supply chain, the most important thing is based on business. There are many types of e-commerce business. Here, I will talk about my own understanding only for the most common business. There are many ways to classify e-commerce business. Here, we will explain e-commerce business from the perspective of commodity source, commodity sales and warehousing and distribution.

Source of goods: self-production, self-mining, investment promotion, etc. Self-production means that goods are produced by themselves, such as herbs; Self-mining refers to purchasing goods from suppliers, such as most of the goods of Netease koala; Merchants, merchants enter the platform for sale, such as Tmall.

Commodity sale: own platform, third-party platform, wholesale, etc. Own platform, refers to the development of their own platform to sell goods, such as Gegejia; Third-party platforms refer to opening stores for sale on third-party platforms, such as Tmall and JD.COM; Wholesale, the downstream of this business does not actually reach the consumer, and it may reach the consumer through other sellers many times, so it is listed separately, such as dolphin supply chain.

Warehouse delivery: Do you build your own warehouse and deliver the goods yourself?

Of course, most companies include the above businesses, such as Netease koala, and the sources of goods include self-mining and merchants’ settlement; Commodity sales include self-owned platforms and third-party platforms; Warehouse delivery, including self-built warehouses and cooperative warehouses, is the responsibility of third-party companies.

Let’s assume that the e-commerce business is as follows

Source of goods: self-mining;

Commodity sales: own platform;

Warehouse delivery: self-built warehouse, third-party company delivery.

Then the positive process of e-commerce supply chain products is roughly as follows:

  1. The supplier is the supplier, and the goods are originally in the supplier’s place;
  2. Enterprise system (ERP) establishes purchase orders through purchase plans, and collects goods from suppliers into its own warehouses;
  3. The warehouse system (WMS) manages the inventory of goods in the warehouse system through transport documents/receipt documents, associated purchase orders, or other warehousing methods;
  4. After the enterprise system (ERP) obtains the commodity information and inventory information, it transmits the commodity information to consumers through its own platform for commodity sales.
  5. After receiving the order information, the order system (OMS) processes the order (customer review, financial review, warehouse selection, opening and closing, etc.) and monitors the order. After the order is processed, push the order information to the corresponding warehouse; (The most direct experience of users to e-commerce enterprises is logistics, so the processing and monitoring of orders directly affect the user experience, including the "full link of orders" proposed by Tmall, which aims to improve the user experience here)
  6. After receiving the order information, WMS performs operations such as billing, sorting, inspection and delivery, and delivers the order to a third-party courier company for distribution.
  7. Goods reach consumers through express delivery.

There are several systems involved here. Let me explain the terms first:

  • ERPEnterprise Resource Planning, which mainly refers to the internal systems of the company, including procurement management, commodity management, marketing management, CRM, after-sales work order management, financial management, employee management, etc.
  • WMS: Warehouse Management System, which mainly refers to the system used inside the warehouse, including the management of warehousing, warehouse distribution and delivery (billing, picking, inspection, delivery, etc.).
  • OMS: Order Management System, which mainly refers to the operation and monitoring of orders, such as customer orders, financial review, warehouse selection, opening and closing orders, etc. Monitor and deal with all kinds of timeliness and anomalies of orders. OMS is also a part of ERP system conceptually. Because it is particularly important in the supply chain system, it is listed separately here.

Another common type of e-commerce business

Source of goods: merchants settle in;

Commodity sales: own platform;

Warehouse delivery: there is no self-built warehouse, and the third party company delivers the goods.

Then the positive process of e-commerce supply chain products is roughly as follows:

  1. As the supplier, the settled merchants initially have the goods there;
  2. The settled merchants release commodity information and manage commodity inventory through the merchant background system;
  3. Enterprise system (ERP) examines the commodity information of merchants, and manages and sells the commodities of merchants;
  4. After receiving the order information, the order system (OMS) processes the order (such as customer review, financial review, merchant selection, order splitting and order merging) and monitors the order. After the order is processed, push the order information to the corresponding merchant;
  5. The settled merchants get the order information through the merchant background system, and operate and deliver the order;
  6. Goods reach consumers.

An excellent e-commerce supply chain not only means that we can get good goods (quality and price) offline, but also requires the close and efficient cooperation of all the roles on the chain (suppliers, sellers, warehouses, etc.) and various online systems (ERP, OMS, WMS, TMS, merchant systems) in order to achieve faster distribution, better service and better cost. This should be the core of e-commerce enterprises.

E-commerce supply chain system is a complicated system. Today is the first day of 2017. Let’s write a big framework first, and strive to improve each part step by step this year. Welcome interested friends to communicate!

　

Author: nonsense, micro-signal: wangboforeversmile

This article was originally published by @ nonsense. Everyone is a product manager. Reprinting is prohibited without permission.

Open up a new realm of Marxism in China and show the theoretical character of keeping pace with the times

　　The Communist Party of China (CPC) is a Marxist political party, and keeping pace with the times is the theoretical character of Marxism. The party constitution Amendment adopted by the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China established the Supreme Leader’s New Era Socialism with Chinese characteristics Thought as our party’s action guide, and realized the party’s guiding ideology to keep pace with the times again. Comrade Supreme Leader pointed out in the report of the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China: "We must keep up with the times in theory, constantly understand the laws, and constantly promote theoretical innovation, practical innovation, institutional innovation, cultural innovation and other aspects of innovation". The theoretical character of the Supreme Leader’s Socialism with Chinese characteristics Thought’s keeping pace with the times in the new era has been fully demonstrated in carrying out great struggles, building great projects, advancing great undertakings and realizing great dreams.

　　The theoretical character of the Supreme Leader’s Socialism with Chinese characteristics Thought’s keeping pace with the times in the new era is highlighted in the great struggle. The great historical process of revolution, construction and reform led by our Party is closely integrated with the great historical process of China Marxism promoted by our Party. In this process, Mao Zedong Thought, Deng Xiaoping Theory, Theory of Three Represents, Scientific Outlook on Development and the Supreme Leader’s New Era Socialism with Chinese characteristics Thought came into being. Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, the Communist Party of China (CPC) has been faced with the historical task of carrying out a great struggle with many new historical features. The background, space, field and concrete form of these struggles are different from those in the past. Aiming at highlighting contradictions and solving practical problems, the CPC Central Committee with the Supreme Leader as the core has made in-depth thinking and innovation on how to deal with major challenges, resist major risks, overcome major obstacles and solve major contradictions, and has formed a series of theoretical innovations, which constitute an organic part of the Supreme Leader’s Socialism with Chinese characteristics Thought in the new era. It can be seen that the great struggle promotes theoretical innovation, and the achievements of theoretical innovation guide us to successfully carry out the great struggle.

　　The theoretical character of the Supreme Leader’s Socialism with Chinese characteristics Thought’s keeping pace with the times in the new era is highlighted in the great construction project. Ideological construction is the basic construction of the party. To build the Party stronger, we must arm our minds with the Party’s innovative theory, constantly cultivate communist party people’s spiritual homeland, and keep the Party’s advanced nature and purity forever. Undoubtedly, promoting the new great project of party building will inevitably call for more theoretical innovations and greater theoretical breakthroughs. With theoretical innovation as the fulcrum, the new great project of party building will surely open up a new situation and win new victories. Socialism with Chinese characteristics Thought of the Supreme Leader in the New Era has enriched and developed the Marxist theory of party building, and provided a scientific guide for the realization of managing the party well, effectively and effectively. At present, it is necessary to arm the whole Party with Socialism with Chinese characteristics Thought of the Supreme Leader in the New Era, make up calcium and strengthen bones for party member and cadres, strengthen the foundation and cultivate the yuan, promote the comprehensive and strict management of the Party, continuously improve the quality of Party building, and ensure that the Party will always be the strong leadership core of the cause of Socialism with Chinese characteristics.

　　The theoretical character of the Supreme Leader’s Socialism with Chinese characteristics Thought’s keeping pace with the times in the new era is highlighted in advancing the great cause. Socialism in China has experienced great development from ideal to reality, from concept to system, from goal to road. It is in this historical process that the Communist Party of China (CPC) grew up, and it is in this historical process that Marxism realized China. Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, we have made all-round and groundbreaking historic achievements and achieved profound and fundamental historic changes. After long-term efforts, Socialism with Chinese characteristics has entered a new era. The new era puts forward new topics, and new topics give birth to new theories. With great political courage and strong responsibility, the CPC Central Committee with the Supreme Leader as the core has systematically answered the important issues of what kind of Socialism with Chinese characteristics and how to adhere to and develop Socialism with Chinese characteristics in the new era from the combination of theory and practice, providing scientific theoretical guidance for adhering to and developing Socialism with Chinese characteristics in the new era.

　　The theoretical character of the Supreme Leader’s Socialism with Chinese characteristics Thought’s keeping pace with the times in the new era is manifested in the realization of great dreams. Since modern times, the Chinese nation has made a historic leap from standing up, becoming rich and becoming strong. Contemporary China is closer, more confident and capable of realizing the dream of the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation than at any time in history. Undoubtedly, only when China becomes strong not only economically, politically, militarily and technologically, but also materially, spiritually, culturally and ideologically, can the Chinese nation achieve a complete national rejuvenation. Great times call for great theories, and great practice breeds great theories. Socialism with Chinese characteristics Thought of the Supreme Leader in the New Era is the inheritance and development of Marxism–Leninism, Mao Zedong Thought, Deng Xiaoping Theory, Theory of Three Represents and Scientific Outlook on Development, and the latest achievement of Marxism in China, which guides the whole party and people to make unremitting efforts to realize the Chinese dream of the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.

　　There is no end to practice, and there is no end to theoretical innovation. In contemporary China, upholding and developing Marxism is not only a theoretical mission, but also a political mission. It is precisely because of advancing with the times in basic theory and guiding ideology that all the work of our party can reflect the times, grasp the regularity, be creative, and show inexhaustible creative vitality. Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, the cause of the Party and the state has opened up a new prospect in an all-round way, which lies in the flag-raising orientation and strategic planning of the CPC Central Committee with the Supreme Leader as the core, and in the scientific guidance of the Supreme Leader’s Socialism with Chinese characteristics Thought in the new era.

　　Every step forward in theoretical innovation, theoretical armed forces will follow. To realize the historical mission of the Party in the new era, to take charge of great struggles, great projects, great undertakings and great dreams, to win the victory in building a well-off society in an all-round way and to win the great victory of Socialism with Chinese characteristics in the new era, we must arm the whole Party, guide practice and promote work with Socialism with Chinese characteristics Thought of the Supreme Leader in the new era.

　　(The author is Yu Wenli, vice president and professor of Peking University Institute of Marxism)

Notice of the General Office of Beijing Municipal People’s Government on Printing and Distributing the Project of Promoting Domestic Waste Treatment in Beijing in 2010

Beijing Zhengban Fa [2010] No.15

The people’s governments of the districts and counties, the commissions, offices and bureaus of the municipal government, and the municipal institutions:

　　With the consent of the municipal government, we hereby print and distribute the passbook project of promoting domestic garbage disposal in Beijing in 2010 to you. Please cooperate closely with relevant units, pay close attention to the organization and implementation, and ensure that the task is completed on schedule.

　　May 5, 2010　　

In 2010, Beijing will promote the passbook project of domestic waste treatment.

　　First, speed up the construction of garbage disposal facilities and promote the pollution control of existing facilities.

　　1。 Advance the preliminary work of Chaoyang District Domestic Waste Comprehensive Treatment Plant and Kitchen Waste Treatment Plant (Phase II).

　　Main responsible unit: Chaoyang District Government

　　Co-organizers: Municipal Development and Reform Commission, Municipal Planning Commission, Municipal Environmental Protection Bureau and Municipal Appearance Committee.

　　2。 Complete the feasibility study of Haidian District Domestic Waste Comprehensive Treatment Plant and Kitchen Waste Treatment Plant for approval; Complete the pollution control work of Liulitun landfill.

　　Main responsible unit: Haidian District Government

　　Co-organizers: Municipal Development and Reform Commission, Municipal Bureau of Land and Resources, Municipal Planning Commission, Municipal Environmental Protection Bureau and Municipal Appearance Commission.

　　3。 The wet decomposition project and the kitchen waste treatment project in Fengtai District started construction.

　　Main responsible unit: Fengtai District Government

　　Co-organizers: Municipal Development and Reform Commission, Municipal Bureau of Land and Resources, Municipal Planning Commission, Municipal Environmental Protection Bureau and Municipal Appearance Commission.

　　4。 Construction of comprehensive domestic waste treatment plants in Pinggu District and Miyun County started.

　　Main responsible units: Pinggu District and Miyun County Government.

　　Co-organizers: Municipal Development and Reform Commission, Municipal Bureau of Land and Resources, Municipal Planning Commission, Municipal Environmental Protection Bureau and Municipal Appearance Commission.

　　5。 Carry out the preliminary work for the construction of biomass energy plants in northwest and southwest Beijing. Main responsible units: Haidian District and Mentougou District Governments.

　　Co-organizers: Municipal Development and Reform Commission, Municipal Bureau of Land and Resources, Municipal Planning Commission, Municipal Environmental Protection Bureau, Municipal Housing and Urban-Rural Development Commission and Municipal Appearance Commission.

　　6。 Shunyi District Domestic Waste Incineration Plant (Phase II) started construction.

　　Main responsible unit: Shunyi District Government

　　Co-organizers: Municipal Development and Reform Commission, Municipal Bureau of Land and Resources, Municipal Planning Commission, Municipal Environmental Protection Bureau and Municipal Appearance Commission.

　　7。 Complete the project establishment and land acquisition work of Liangjiawu Domestic Waste Comprehensive Treatment Center (Phase I).

　　Main responsible units: Tongzhou District Government and Municipal Appearance Committee.

　　Co-organizers: Municipal Development and Reform Commission, Municipal Bureau of Land and Resources, Municipal Planning Commission and Municipal Environmental Protection Bureau.

　　8。 The kitchen waste treatment projects in Dongcheng, Xicheng, Shijingshan, Mentougou, Fangshan, Shunyi, Changping, Miyun and Yanqing started construction.

　　Main responsible unit: relevant district and county governments.

　　Co-organizers: Municipal Development and Reform Commission, Municipal Bureau of Land and Resources, Municipal Planning Commission, Municipal Environmental Protection Bureau and Municipal Appearance Commission.

　　9。 We will promote the construction of six relatively concentrated resource treatment stations for kitchen, fruits and vegetables and garden waste.

　　Main responsible units: Chongwen District, Chaoyang District, Haidian District, Shijingshan District Government and City Park Management Center.

　　Co-organizers: Municipal Development and Reform Commission, Municipal Finance Bureau, Municipal Bureau of Land and Resources, Municipal Planning Commission, Municipal Environmental Protection Bureau, Municipal Housing and Urban-Rural Development Commission, Municipal Appearance Commission and Municipal Landscaping Bureau.

　　10。 Carry out the preliminary work of Asuwei circular economy park and the construction of Asuwei domestic waste incineration plant.

　　Main responsible units: Changping District Government and Municipal Appearance Committee.

　　Co-organizers: Municipal Development and Reform Commission, Municipal Bureau of Land and Resources, Municipal Planning Commission, Municipal Environmental Protection Bureau, Municipal Housing and Urban-Rural Development Commission and Beijing Electric Power Company.

　　Eleven. Promote the construction of Nangong Domestic Waste Incineration Plant.

　　Main responsible units: Daxing District Government and Municipal Appearance Committee.

　　Co-organizers: Municipal Development and Reform Commission, Municipal Bureau of Land and Resources, Municipal Planning Commission and Municipal Environmental Protection Bureau.

　　Two, promote the source classification of garbage, increase the recycling of renewable resources.

　　Twelve. The annual domestic waste output in the eight districts of the city has achieved zero growth, and the growth rate in the outer suburbs has been controlled below 10%.

　　Main responsible unit: district and county governments

　　Co-organizers: Municipal Municipal Appearance Committee and Municipal Statistics Bureau.

　　Thirteen. 600 residential areas have reached the standard of garbage classification, realizing classified collection, transportation and treatment. Promote the waste classification standards of party and government organs and schools in Beijing.

　　Main responsible unit: district and county governments

　　Co-organizers: Municipal Finance Bureau, Municipal Housing and Urban-Rural Development Committee, Municipal Appearance Committee and Municipal Commerce Committee.

　　14。 Promote the renovation and construction of equipment and facilities for classified collection, transportation and storage of garbage such as closed cleaning stations, and adopt energy-saving and environmentally-friendly vehicles for classified collection and transportation of garbage.

　　Main responsible unit: district and county governments

　　Co-organizers: Municipal Science and Technology Commission, Municipal Public Security Bureau, Municipal Finance Bureau, Municipal Planning Commission, Municipal Environmental Protection Bureau, Municipal Appearance Commission, Municipal Transportation Commission and Municipal Quality Supervision Bureau.

　　Fifteen. Popularize the experience of "household classification" of garbage in 92 towns and villages, and build equipment and facilities for garbage collection, transportation, treatment and resource recovery.

　　Main responsible units: Chaoyang District, Haidian District, Fengtai District, Mentougou District, Fangshan District, Tongzhou District, Shunyi District, Changping District, Daxing District, Pinggu District, Huairou District, Miyun County and Yanqing County Governments.

　　Co-organizers: Municipal Finance Bureau, Municipal Planning Commission, Municipal Environmental Protection Bureau, Municipal Appearance Commission, Municipal Agriculture Commission and Municipal Commerce Commission.

　　16。 300 recycling stations and 2 sorting centers for renewable resources will be built in Chengba District.

　　Main responsible unit: Municipal Commission of Commerce

　　Co-organizers: Chengba District Government, Municipal Development and Reform Commission, Municipal Public Security Bureau, Municipal Finance Bureau, Municipal Environmental Protection Bureau, Municipal Housing and Urban-Rural Development Committee, Municipal Appearance Committee and Municipal Administration for Industry and Commerce.

　　Three, standardize the management of construction waste, promote the construction of resource reuse facilities.

　　17。 Implement the "Green Construction Management Regulations" and strengthen the management of muck in the construction site.

　　Main responsible unit: Municipal Housing and Urban-Rural Development Committee

　　Co-organizers: district and county governments, municipal environmental protection bureau, municipal quality supervision bureau and municipal urban management and law enforcement bureau.

　　18。 Study and formulate investment policies for construction waste treatment facilities to promote the resource utilization of recycled products.

　　Main responsible unit: Municipal Development and Reform Commission

　　Co-organizers: Municipal Finance Bureau, Municipal Planning Commission, Municipal Housing and Urban-Rural Development Commission and Municipal Appearance Commission.

　　19。 Carry out the pilot work of comprehensive utilization of construction waste.

　　Main responsible units: Municipal Appearance Committee, Municipal Housing and Urban-Rural Construction Committee.

　　Co-organizers: Municipal Development and Reform Commission, Municipal Finance Bureau, Municipal Bureau of Land and Resources, Municipal Planning Commission and Municipal Environmental Protection Bureau.

　　Four, strengthen the supervision of garbage disposal, increase policy support.

　　20。 The harmless treatment rate of domestic garbage in the eight districts of the city and the suburban counties reached 99% and 85% respectively.

　　Main responsible unit: district and county governments

　　Co-organizers: Municipal Municipal Appearance Committee and Municipal Statistics Bureau.

　　21 to carry out the preliminary work of the construction of the supervision system for the operation of garbage disposal facilities.

　　Main responsible units: Municipal Development and Reform Commission, Municipal Economic Information Commission and Municipal Appearance Commission.

　　Co-organizers: Municipal Finance Bureau, Municipal Environmental Protection Bureau and relevant district and county governments.

　　22。 Accelerate the formulation of supporting policies such as investment in circular economy parks.

　　Main responsible unit: Municipal Development and Reform Commission

　　Co-organizers: Municipal Finance Bureau, Municipal Bureau of Land and Resources, Municipal Planning Commission and Municipal Appearance Commission.　　

　 　 　 　23。 According to the requirements of the garbage disposal regulation and accounting platform, the payment of the benchmark fee for garbage disposal and the economic compensation fee for garbage disposal in different places will be implemented.

　　Main responsible unit: district and county governments

　　Co-organizers: Municipal Finance Bureau and Municipal Appearance Committee.

　　24。 To carry out the pilot work of municipal garbage disposal facilities integrated circuit card metering system.

　　Main responsible unit: Municipal Municipal Appearance Committee

　　Co-organizers: district and county governments and municipal finance bureau.

　　25。 Formulate the information disclosure system of garbage disposal facilities, and implement the system of opening to the public in Gao ‘antun, Liulitun, Beishenshu, Anding, Asuwei and other garbage landfills.

　　Main responsible units: Municipal Municipal Appearance Committee, Chaoyang District, Haidian District, Tongzhou District, Changping District and Daxing District Governments.

　　Co-organizer: Municipal Environmental Protection Bureau

National Health Commission issued a notice on printing and distributing guidelines for home treatment of infected people in Covid-19.

　　Guide to home treatment of infected people in Covid-19

　　First, the applicable object

　　(1) An asymptomatic or mildly infected person without serious underlying diseases.

　　(two) the basic disease is in a stable period, and there is no serious organ dysfunction such as heart, liver, lung, kidney and brain that needs hospitalization.

　　Second, the home environment requirements

　　(1) When conditions permit, home-based therapists should live in relatively independent rooms of the family and use separate bathrooms as much as possible.

　　(two) the family should be equipped with a thermometer (for infected persons), paper towels, masks, disposable gloves, disinfectants and other personal protective equipment, and disinfection products and garbage cans with covers.

　　Third, the management requirements

　　(a) community (village) and basic medical and health institutions work requirements.

　　1. establish contact. Give play to the important role of organization, mobilization, guidance, service, security and management of the community (grassroots) working mechanism for epidemic prevention and control in various places. Grassroots medical and health institutions openly consult the telephone to inform the matters needing attention in home treatment, and bring home treatment personnel into grid management. For elderly people living alone in empty nests, patients with basic diseases, pregnant women, hemodialysis patients and other special personnel in home treatment, establish a ledger to ensure the necessary medical services.

　　2. Give guidance. Home-based therapists carry out antigen testing according to the specifications, and can ask primary medical and health institutions to give guidance when necessary. Grassroots medical and health institutions give necessary symptomatic treatment and oral medication guidance to those in need.

　　3. Assist in seeking medical treatment. Community or grass-roots medical and health institutions should know their main conditions in time after receiving the demand from home therapists for assistance in arranging medical treatment. Grass-roots medical and health institutions should guide critically ill patients to do emergency treatment and help them to be transported to relevant hospitals in a closed loop as soon as possible. To the county (city, district) as a unit, the establishment of higher-level hospitals and urban and rural communities, the rapid transfer channel.

　　4. Psychological assistance. Establish a smooth psychological counseling hotline with cities as the unit. Grassroots medical and health institutions and communities should take the initiative to inform home therapists of the psychological hotline, so as to facilitate them to seek psychological support and psychological counseling. For those who find serious psychological or mental health problems, they can report to the local (city, county) mental health medical institutions and refer them when necessary.

　　5. Personal protection. When in contact with home therapists, you should do a good job of self-protection and keep a distance of more than 1 meter as far as possible.

　　(2) Self-management requirements of home therapists.

　　1. Health monitoring and symptomatic treatment. Home-based therapists should take temperature measurement and self-health monitoring once every morning and evening. If there are symptoms such as fever and cough, they can take symptomatic treatment or oral medication. When necessary, you can also contact the medical staff of primary health care institutions or consult relevant medical institutions through Internet medical forms. Asymptomatic people don’t need medication. When taking medicine, home therapists should take it according to the drug instructions to avoid blind use of antibacterial drugs. If you have a basic disease, there is no need to change the dosage of the basic disease treatment drugs being used when the condition is stable.

　　2. Referral treatment. In case of the following situations, you can transfer to the relevant hospital for treatment by self-driving or 120 ambulance.

　　(1) dyspnea or shortness of breath.

　　(2) After drug treatment, the body temperature remained higher than 38.5℃ for more than 3 days.

　　(3) The original underlying diseases are obviously aggravated and uncontrollable.

　　(4) Children have drowsiness, persistent refusal to eat, feeding difficulties, persistent diarrhea or vomiting.

　　(5) Pregnant women have symptoms such as headache, dizziness, palpitation and breathlessness, or abdominal pain, vaginal bleeding or bleeding, abnormal fetal movement, etc.

　　3. control going out. Home therapists don’t have to go out or accept visits. For those who really need to go out because of medical treatment, they should do personal protection all the time, arrive at the medical institution point-to-point, return home point-to-point after medical treatment, and try not to take public transportation as much as possible.

　　4. Personal protection. Home therapists should be well protected and try not to contact with other family members. If the home therapist is a lactating mother, she can continue to breastfeed her baby on the basis of personal protection.

　　5. Antigen self-test. Home therapists need to conduct antigen self-test and report the results according to the relevant epidemic prevention requirements.

　　6. Infection prevention and control requirements.

　　(1) Open doors and windows regularly for ventilation every day to keep indoor air circulation. If natural ventilation is not available, exhaust fans can be used for mechanical ventilation.

　　(2) Do a good job in ventilation and disinfection of shared areas such as toilets and bathrooms.

　　(3) Wash hands or disinfect hands when preparing food, defecating before and after meals, taking off masks, etc.

　　(4) Cover your nose and mouth with paper towels when coughing or sneezing, or cover your nose and mouth with the inside of your elbow, and throw the used paper towels into the trash can.

　　(5) Do not share daily necessities with other family members, and the tableware should be cleaned and disinfected after use.

　　(6) The surfaces of articles that may be contacted by home therapists in daily life and the towels, clothes and quilts used by them should be cleaned and disinfected in time, and the personal belongings of infected persons should be placed separately.

　　(7) If the family shares the bathroom, the home-based therapists should disinfect the bathroom every time they use it; If family therapists use a separate bathroom, they can be disinfected once a day.

　　(8) Used paper towels, masks, disposable gloves and other domestic garbage are put into plastic bags and placed in special garbage bins.

　　(9) Disinfect the articles contaminated by saliva and sputum at any time.

　　Fourth, the conditions for ending home treatment

　　For example, the symptoms of home-based therapists are obviously improved or have no obvious symptoms, the self-test antigen is negative and the Ct value of Covid-19 nucleic acid is detected twice in a row ≥ 35 (the interval between the two tests is more than 24 hours), which can end the home treatment and return to normal life and go out.

　　V. Safeguard requirements

　　(a) the lead unit in charge of community (grass-roots, rural) work in the leading mechanism of epidemic prevention and control in various places should give full play to its role and effectively take responsibility. Grassroots medical and health institutions shall establish a 24-hour duty system, and designate special personnel to undertake the health consultation work of home treatment for infected people. The community (village) shall make arrangements for nucleic acid detection, garbage removal and environmental disinfection, and find and solve problems in time.

　　(2) It is necessary to organize medical institutions to provide rehabilitation guidance and psychological support for home-based personnel through online and offline methods such as remote guidance and Internet medical treatment. Primary medical and health institutions should strengthen inspection guidance and health monitoring for home-based rehabilitation personnel in their jurisdictions through the Internet and other means. Secondary and tertiary hospitals should provide consultation guidance for primary medical institutions through telemedicine.

　　(three) all localities should strengthen the basic medical and health institutions commonly used drugs, antigen detection reagents, finger clip oximeter and other reserves, and effectively meet the needs of home treatment personnel for medication and health monitoring.

　　(IV) Medical institutions should strictly implement the responsibility system for first diagnosis and the emergency rescue system, and should not shirk or refuse to treat Covid-19 infected people at home, especially emergency patients, to see a doctor in medical institutions for any reason.

Attachment details > > > > > >

1. Reference table of commonly used drugs for home treatment of infected people in Covid-19.

2. Guidelines for detection of antigens for home treatment of infected persons in Covid-19.

Ministry of Education： Intensify the propaganda, guidance and mobilization of vaccination.

　　Beijing, April 3 (Xinhua) According to the website of the Ministry of Education, recently, the Ministry of Education issued a notice to deploy local education departments and universities to actively cooperate with the local vaccination work. The notice stressed that local education departments and colleges and universities should increase publicity, guidance and organization and mobilization of vaccination on the premise of compliance, knowledge, consent, voluntary and free vaccination according to law; Guide teachers and students to eliminate doubts, fulfill social responsibilities, form reasonable expectations, and improve vaccination awareness and vaccination willingness.

　　The notice requires a full understanding of the importance of vaccination. Local education departments and colleges and universities should fully understand the significance of cooperating with the vaccination work in Covid-19, and deeply understand the significance of vaccination work in maintaining the safety of teachers and students, physical health and national economic and social development.

　　The notice pointed out that organizational leadership should be strengthened. Local education departments and colleges and universities should, under the leadership of local Party committees and governments, incorporate vaccination into territorial management, earnestly fulfill their responsibilities, reasonably plan vaccination rhythm and vaccination progress in accordance with the requirements of the State Council Joint Prevention and Control Mechanism "Covid-19 Vaccination Overall Plan", combined with the actual situation of local schools, and cooperate with local health departments, and organize, guide and coordinate the vaccination work in Covid-19 of local schools in batches in a safe and orderly manner. Strengthen work deployment, strengthen responsibility, and compact responsibilities at different levels.

　　The notice proposes to increase publicity and mobilization. Local education departments and colleges and universities should increase the publicity and guidance and organization and mobilization of vaccination on the premise of compliance, knowledge, consent, voluntary and free vaccination according to law. In various forms and through various channels, we should use easy-to-understand language to publicize the positive role of vaccines in protecting personal health and controlling epidemic situation to teachers and students in a timely manner, publicize the popular science knowledge of vaccination for precautions such as vaccination contraindications, convey scientific information on the safety and effectiveness of vaccines, guide teachers and students to eliminate doubts, fulfill social responsibilities, form reasonable expectations, and improve the awareness rate and willingness of vaccination.

　　The notice stressed that we should do a good job in service guarantee. Local education departments and colleges and universities should strengthen the vaccination service guarantee, give full play to their organizational advantages, and achieve "clear base, clear information and communication" on the vaccination work of local schools, and actively cooperate with teachers and students to make vaccination appointments. In accordance with the requirements for setting up temporary inoculation points, fixed houses such as school clinics and stadiums or temporary tents are provided as temporary inoculation points to provide necessary convenience for inoculation units or medical institutions to send inoculation personnel. Strengthen cooperation with local health departments and do a good job in psychological counseling for teachers and students.

　　The notice mentioned the establishment of an implementation mechanism. Local education departments and colleges and universities should guide local schools to promote the implementation of vaccination work by issuing notices, holding meetings or on-site investigations. The establishment of information reporting system, local education departments should do a good job in Covid-19 vaccination coordination and scheduling, timely statistics of local education system vaccination progress.

Juejuezi, yyds…… … Do you know the online buzzwords？

　　Beijing, August 25 (Reporter Shangguan Yun) From "Juezi" to "yyds", some recent online buzzwords seem to be breaking the circle, becoming more and more common in daily life and being very versatile in use.

　　Some people think that the prevalence of these buzzwords may lead to a single expression; Some people think that it is normal for language to have such changes in the network age … … How much do you know about these online buzzwords?

　　Can you understand these buzzwords?

　　In the recent online buzzwords, "yyds" (note: generally interpreted as "eternal god") can probably stand on the C position.

　　Searching for "yyds" in Weibo has more than 20 related hot searches. Describe a good film and television drama, a delicious food, a good cosmetic, etc., and say "yyds" to express praise concisely.

　　It is not the only popular "abbreviation". There are also "nsdd" of the same type, which means "you are right", and some people interpret it as "you are right". "dbq" means "I’m sorry" and is generally used to apologize.

　　This is different from other online buzzwords, such as "planting grass", which can always roughly understand the literal meaning. But for people who don’t surf the Internet often, at first glance, the first feeling is probably "I don’t understand".

　　"These abbreviations are not a very advanced network language. Compared with the formation of previous network buzzwords, they even have the meaning of deliberately going to the simple wind." Columnist Han Haoyue said.

　　Variants of language

　　In response to the emergence of online buzzwords such as "yyds", Huang Anjing, editor-in-chief of Chewing on Words, believes that this is a normal situation.

　　"Theoretically, any language is not a ‘ Simple unification ’ There are variants that are different from the standard language. This kind of variation can be roughly divided into regional variation and social variation. The former is called regional dialect and the latter is called social dialect. " He said.

　　For example, the Chinese used in daily communication by Shanghainese, Cantonese, Hunan and Sichuan people are different in pronunciation, vocabulary and grammar, and even difficult to understand each other. Linguistically, they are usually called Wu dialect, Guangdong dialect, Hunan dialect and Sichuan dialect.

　　However, the languages used by social groups with different occupations, social status, education level, etc. are also different, which is divided according to the social groups using the language, so it is called social dialect.

　　He believes that network language is a kind of social dialect, because of modern media — — Language varieties used in social group communication linked by network tools.

　　In fact, "network language" can be divided into different "sub-variants". People who use online language have different ages, but the language they use is also different. It is normal that "Juejuezi", "Zhusun" and "yyds" are popular in their scope of application.

　　Different types of online buzzwords

　　It is not uncommon for online buzzwords to enter the public’s field of vision from a small circle. In recent years, among the "Top Ten Catchwords" selected by Chewing on Words, there are a certain number of online languages, such as "God beast" and "lemon essence".

　　Huang Anjing said that when evaluating whether these online buzzwords can be selected, the most critical criterion is to see whether they meet the standard language — — The inherent structure and application of Mandarin Chinese, and whether it conforms to the social moral civilization norms of our country.

　　The types that can’t be selected, including "yyds" and "yygq", are not language components in Chinese at all; There are also pathological abbreviations, such as "ten moves but refuse" and "people are difficult to tear down", which are not in line with traditional Chinese grammar, resulting in unclear meanings.

　　Then there are pure homophonic words, such as "moderator" as "spot bamboo", "what" as "god horse" and "nothing" as "wood" (which is a homophonic Guangdong dialect) and so on. There is another kind of uncivilized words, which are vulgar and indecent.

　　Huang Anjing found that any dialect will have an impact on the standard language. Moreover, the language elements in many dialects will also enter the standard language and become the components of the standard language, which is an objective language law.

　　"We need to change a concept, and don’t look at the network language that we don’t understand, and we will strongly condemn it. In addition to those negative types, there are also many online buzzwords that belong to positive types. " He said.

　　What does their popularity mean?

　　However, there are also views that link the popularity of online buzzwords with the "lack of language" of online students, which means the retrogression of users’ expression ability and may even affect the richness of language.

　　For example, some people think that if online buzzwords are widely used, some words with more precise and vivid expressions may be left out in the cold or even forgotten.

　　"The popularity of online languages will enhance the richness and diversity of languages. Among the positive online buzzwords, many have entered the standard Chinese language system." Huang Anjing explained that the emergence of network language will bring increment to the language library.

　　Language is a social symbol, which will inevitably take on the characteristics of the times. He believes that we should treat cyber terms with an open and inclusive attitude and absorb cyber terms that conform to the structural characteristics of Chinese and the norms of social civilization into our vocabulary.

　　"However, it should be noted that there are a lot of negative elements in online language that do not conform to the structural characteristics of Chinese and the norms of social civilization. Language guidance and even supervision under the network background are important and urgent. This requires the joint efforts of all sectors of society. " He added.

How to judge whether it is over-packaged？ Reduce resource consumption and packaging waste from the source

　　In recent years, some food and cosmetics companies have over-packaged their products and passed on the costs to consumers. This phenomenon of "buying gifts and returning pearls" not only wastes resources, but also increases the burden on consumers, and even pollutes the environment, which is not conducive to the healthy development of market economy.

　　To this end, the General Administration of Market Supervision recently revised and issued the mandatory national standard "Restricting over-packaging of commodities requires food and cosmetics", which is committed to reducing resource consumption and packaging waste from the source.

　　The "Rule of Law Daily" reporter learned that the new standard regulates the packaging requirements of 31 kinds of food and 16 kinds of cosmetics; It greatly simplifies the method of judging the over-packaging of goods. Consumers only need to look at the weight or volume of the goods themselves and measure the volume of the outermost packaging, and can preliminarily judge whether there is an over-packaging problem in the goods through calculation. Strictly limit the number of packaging layers, and stipulate that the grain and its processed products in food should not exceed three layers of packaging, and other foods and cosmetics should not exceed four layers of packaging.

　　Excessive packaging attracts attention.

　　Revision and implementation of national standards

　　The Mid-Autumn Festival is coming, and all kinds of moon cakes are on the market like a flood. People are amazed at the innovative taste of moon cakes, but also complain about the "fine moon cakes" packaged like dolls on the shelves. Especially the "sky-high-priced moon cakes" that have become popular in recent two years, each moon cake costing 2 yuan money has been made into holiday hard currency. Some moon cake gift boxes have high-grade silk scarves, and some have given away two Huawei mobile phones, so that it is not surprising that the price exceeds 50,000 yuan.

　　When will the phenomenon of over-packaging, luxury packaging and "rafters" be more expensive than pearls? On September 2nd, in order to solve the problem of over-packaging of food and cosmetics, the General Administration of Market Supervision (Standards Committee), together with the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology and other departments, organized relevant standardization technical committees and technical institutions to revise the 2009 version of the standards, and formulated and issued a new mandatory national standard "Food and Cosmetics with Restrictions on Over-packaging of Commodities", which will be implemented in September 2023.

　　Considering that after the release of the new standard, food and cosmetics manufacturers need to design the product packaging compliance according to the requirements of the new standard, and at the same time, they need to consume the inventory packaging and goods for sale, especially cosmetics products, which have a relatively long shelf life and a relatively long consumption cycle in circulation. In order to avoid the impact on production and business activities and new waste, on the basis of extensive consultation with relevant industrial departments, industry associations and enterprises, the formal implementation of the new standards has set up a two-year transition period.

　　By looking at two questions and three calculations

　　Quickly judge whether it exceeds the standard.

　　So, what are the manifestations of over-packaging in the market at present?

　　The first performance is that the gap is too large. In this regard, the standard gives the prescribed porosity according to the different net contents of food and cosmetics. Ma Aijin, a professor at the School of Food and Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, said: "Specifically, the packaging void ratio of all goods with a net content of less than or equal to 1 ml or 1 gram in the package should be less than or equal to 85%; The packaging void ratio of all commodities with a net content of more than 50 ml or 50 g in the package should be less than or equal to 30%. "

　　The second performance is that there are too many layers of packaging. In this regard, the new standard is clear: the number of packaging layers of grain and its processed products should not exceed three, and other commodities should not exceed four. However, the new standard also makes it clear that if it is a material layer that directly touches the contents and belongs to the inherent attributes of the product, such as zongzi leaves, bamboo tubes and hollow capsules, it can be excluded.

　　Ma Aijin said: "The understanding and calculation of the number of packaging layers in the standard is very clear. The packaging layer that directly contacts the contents of food and cosmetics is the first layer. There are several layers of packaging from the first layer to the outermost layer, which is the level of packaging. Taking tea packaging as an example, the metal or plastic packaging that is in direct contact with tea is the first layer, so there are several layers of packaging, which is the number of layers of packaging. "

　　The third performance is that the packaging cost is too high. The new standard makes it clear that the production organization should take measures to control the cost of all packages except those that are in direct contact with the contents not to exceed 20% of the sales price of the products. Simply calculate the account: a mooncake with three layers of packaging is sold in 10 yuan, so the cost of the second and third layers of packaging can’t exceed 20% of the selling price in 10 yuan, that is, 2 yuan, except for the packaging that directly wraps the mooncake in the innermost layer.

　　When buying food and cosmetics, how can consumers quickly judge whether there is over-packaging?

　　According to Wei Hong, deputy director of the Department of Standards and Technology of the General Administration of Market Supervision, consumers can simply judge whether food, cosmetics and other commodities are over-packaged by "one look, two questions and three calculations". First, look at whether the outer packaging of goods is luxury packaging and whether the packaging materials belong to expensive materials; Second, the new standard strictly limits the number of packaging layers. If the packaging cannot be unpacked, it is necessary to ask how many layers there are in the packaging and whether the number of layers meets the requirements. The third is to measure or estimate the volume of the outer packaging, and compare it with the maximum allowable volume of the outer packaging to see if it exceeds the standard.

　　The new standard also clarifies that the volume of the contents of food or cosmetics is expressed by multiplying the net content by the necessary space coefficient, and the value of the necessary space coefficient depends on the product. Taking alcoholic products as an example, the necessary space coefficient of wine is 13, and the allowable packaging void ratio of a bottle of 500 ml liquor is less than 30%. It can be calculated that the maximum allowable volume of the outer packaging of this bottle of liquor is 9285.7 cubic centimeters. Assuming that the length, width and height of the outer packaging of this bottle of wine are 20 cm, 15 cm and 30 cm respectively, the actual outer packaging volume is 9000 cubic centimeters, which is less than the maximum allowable value and meets the standard requirements.

　　Implement the main responsibility of enterprises

　　Rectification as soon as possible during the transition period

　　"Research shows that packaging waste accounts for about 30% to 40% of municipal solid waste in China, most of which is caused by over-packaging." Chen Hongjun, deputy director of the Standards and Technology Department of the General Administration of Market Supervision, said.

　　According to the data of the National Annual Report on Prevention and Control of Environmental Pollution by Solid Waste in Large and Medium-sized Cities in 2020 issued by the Ministry of Ecology and Environment, in 2019, the output of domestic waste in 196 large and medium-sized cities was 235.602 million tons. The phenomenon of "garbage besieged city" and "garbage surrounded village" is becoming more and more serious. The release of "Restricting Over-packaging of Commodities Requires Food and Cosmetics" once again emphasizes the requirements for commodity packaging, that is, to reduce resource consumption and packaging waste from the source and reduce the burden on consumers.

　　Chen Hongjun said that according to the standardization law, products and services that do not meet the mandatory standards may not be produced, sold, imported or provided. After the transition period, food and cosmetics that do not meet the new standards are not allowed to be produced and sold in the market. Therefore, enterprises are called upon to rectify and meet the standards as soon as possible during the transition period.

　　Regarding how to better implement the new standards, Wei Hong said: First, implement the main responsibility of enterprises. Enterprises are the main body of the implementation of standards. Food and cosmetic enterprises should, in accordance with the requirements of the Standardization Law and the Law on the Prevention and Control of Environmental Pollution by Solid Wastes, earnestly raise their awareness, take the initiative, fulfill their corporate social responsibilities, implement, use and meet the standards as soon as possible, and supply higher quality, greener and low-carbon products to the market.

　　The second is to strengthen the implementation of standards. The market supervision department will publicize the new standards in all aspects through a variety of ways, such as reading a map, interpreting standards, making standards public, and online cloud classes; At the same time, in conjunction with the relevant departments to organize standard training activities, in order to do a good job in technical reserves for supervision according to the law.

　　The third is to guide consumers to carry out green consumption. By strengthening public opinion propaganda, we will create a green consumption environment, guide consumers to consciously practice the concept of green consumption, advocate economy and reduce waste, actively buy green, environmentally friendly and low-carbon products, and do not buy or use over-packaged goods.

　　It is reported that in the next step, the General Administration of Market Supervision will, in conjunction with relevant departments, implement the new development concept completely, accurately and comprehensively, and combine the new deployment requirements of carbon neutrality in peak carbon dioxide emissions, make the full text of standards public free of charge, systematically carry out standard publicity training, strengthen supervision and law enforcement, and urge food and cosmetics production enterprises to start the diagnosis of standard compliance and product packaging compliance design as soon as possible. At the same time, create a good public opinion environment for green consumption, improve consumers’ awareness of the standards for restricting over-packaging of commodities, advocate reasonable consumption, and guide consumers not to buy over-packaged commodities. (Reporter Wan Jing)